Jump to content

Hanbok

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hanbok
Hanbok (female and male)
People wearing hanbok
MaterialDiverse
Place of originKorea
IntroducedAt least since Goguryeo period
Hanbok
North Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl조선옷
Hancha朝鮮옷
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationJoseon-ot
McCune–ReischauerChosŏn-ot
South Korean name
Hangul한복
Hanja韓服
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationHanbok
McCune–ReischauerHanbok

The hanbok (Korean한복; Hanja韓服; lit. Korean dress) is the traditional clothing of the Korean people. The term hanbok is primarily used by South Koreans; North Koreans refer to the clothes as chosŏn-ot (조선옷, lit.'Korean clothes'). The clothes are also worn in the Korean diaspora.[1][2] Koryo-saram—ethnic Koreans living in the lands of the former Soviet Union—also retained a hanbok tradition.[3]

Koreans have worn hanbok since antiquity. The earliest visual depictions of hanbok can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period (57 BCE to 668 CE) with roots in the Proto-Koreanic people of what is now northern Korea and Manchuria. The clothes are also depicted on tomb murals from the Goguryeo period (4th to 6th century CE), with the basic structure of the hanbok established since at latest this period.[4] The ancient hanbok consisted of a jeogori (top), baji (trousers), chima (skirt), and the po (coat). The basic structure of hanbok developed to facilitate ease of movement; it integrated many motifs of Mu-ism.[5]

For thousands of years, the hanbok most people wore was pure white with no ornamentation. More ornate hanbok was typically reserved for special occasions such as weddings. The color white was seen as pure.[6][7][8][9] In some periods, commoners (seomin) were even forbidden from wearing colorful hanbok regularly.[10]: 104 [11][12] However, on the other hand, during the Joseon dynasty and the 1910–1945 Japanese occupation of Korea, there was also an attempt to ban white clothes and to encourage non-bleached dyed clothes, which ultimately failed.[13][14][15][16]

Modern hanbok are typically patterned after the hanbok worn in the Joseon period,[5] especially those worn by the nobility and royalty.[17]: 104 [11] There is some regional variation in hanbok design between South Korea, North Korea, and Koreans in China as a result of the relative isolation from each other that these groups experienced in the late-20th century.[18]: 246 [19] Despite this, the designs have somewhat converged again since the 1990s,[20] especially due to increased cultural and economic exchange after the Chinese economic reform[21][18]: 246  of 1978 onwards. Nowadays, contemporary Koreans wear hanbok for formal or semi-formal occasions and for events such as weddings, festivals, celebrations, and ceremonies. In 1996, the South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established Hanbok Day to encourage South Korean citizens to wear the hanbok.[22]

Etymology

[edit]

The term hanbok appeared relatively recently and is connected with the historical context in which it appeared. The term emerged in the late Joseon period, when the Empire of Japan and other western countries competed to place Korea under their own sphere of influence. The first known use of the term is in an 1881 document from the late Joseon period entitled Chŏngch'iilgi (《정치일기》).[23][24] There, hanbok is used to distinguish Korean clothing from Japanese- and Western-style clothing. Hanbok was again used in an 1895 document to distinguish between Korean and Japanese clothing. These two usages predate the Korean Empire's popularization of the use of the hanja character Han (Hanja: ) to describe the Korean people.[citation needed]

Beginning in 1900, Korean newspapers used the hanja character Han in words that described Korean clothing, such as Han'gugŭibok (한국의복), Han'gugyebok (한국예복), and Taehannyŏbok (대한녀복). Hanbok was used in a 1905 newspaper article to describe the clothing of one of the righteous armies. Other words with similar meanings, such as uri-ot (우리옷) and chosŏn-ot (조선옷), were concurrently used.

Since the division of Korea, South Korea has preferred the term hanbok while North Korea has preferred the term Chosŏn-ot. This reflects the general trend of South Korea's preference for the term Han and North Korea's for Chosŏn.[citation needed]

Components and design

[edit]
  • A diagram of the hanbok's anatomy
  • 1. hwajang
  • 2. godae
  • 3. somae buri
  • 4. somae
  • 5. goreum
  • 6. u
  • 7. doryeon
  • 8, 11. jindong
  • 9. gil
  • 10. baerae
  • 12. git
  • 13. dongjeong

For women, traditional hanbok consist of the jeogori (top) and the chima (skirt). The ensemble is often known as 'chima jeogori'. For men, hanbok consist of jeogori and loose-fitting baji (trousers).[25]

There are also a variety of vests, jackets and coats on top of this ensemble. For women, there are Jangsam, Dansam, Wonsam, and more. For men, some examples are durumagi, dopo, Danryeong-ui, Joong-chimak, Sochang-ui, Daechang-ui, etc.

Jeogori

[edit]
Jeogori and chima

The jeogori (저고리) is the basic upper garment of the hanbok, worn by both men and women. It covers the arms and upper part of the wearer's body.[26][27]

There are various styles and types of jeogori varying in fabric, sewing technique, and shape.[28][29] The basic form of a jeogori consists of gil, git, dongjeong, goreum and sleeves. Gil () is the large section of the garment on both front and back sides, and git () is a band of fabric that trims the collar. Dongjeong (동정) is a removable white collar placed over the end of the git and is generally squared off. The goreum (고름) are fabric-strings that tie the jeogori.[25] Women's jeogori may have kkeutdong (끝동), a different colored cuff placed at the end of the sleeves. Contemporary jeogori are presently designed with various lengths.

Goreum

[edit]

Goreum (고름) refers to the strings that fasten clothes together.

Traditionally, there are many types of goreum. Fabric goreum were potentially used since Gojoseon. They were originally practical but often decorative. Silla had regulations against types of Dae (belts) and decorative goreum for each Golpoom. Southern parts of Korea, including Silla, had a colorful goreum on the front of the neck, which influenced Yayoi culture. Parts of Goguryeo style had a fabric goreum loop around the waist with a decorative ribbon to the side like a belt. Generally, thin and short ones were used on the inside and more decorative, colourful ones were used on the outside. Since the early form of the jeogori was usually wrapped across the front, the outside goreum was placed on the side of the wearer, below the armpit. Starting in Joseon dynasty, the goreum slowly moved to the front of the jeogori. In the 20th century, the goreum became the commonly known long and wide decorative ribbons on the front of the jeogori and was coined the Ot-goreum.

Danchu

[edit]

Danchu (buttons) can also be used as an alternative to Goreum.

There are many types of danchu. One example is the Maedeup-danchu which were often used to keep symmetrical collars together in the front and used for practical uses on military uniforms and court uniforms. They have long horizontal lines on either side like Manchurian buttons or looked like a ball and lasso. Magoja-danchu are often big decorative metal, gems or stones buttons usually on Jokki (vest).[30]

Chima

[edit]

Chima (치마) refers to "skirt", and is also called sang () or gun () in hanja.[31][26][28] The underskirt, or petticoat layer, is called sokchima. Chima-malgi is the waistband that trims the top of the chima. Chima were typically made from rectangular panels that were pleated or gathered into the chima-malgi (waistband).[32] This waistband also had goreum strings for fastening the skirt around the body.[33] From the Goguryeo to Joseon periods, chima have been striped, pleated, patchworked, and gored.[26]

Sokchima was largely made in a traditional way until the early 20th century when shoulder straps were added,[34] later developing into a sleeveless bodice or "reformed" petticoat called Eo-Kkeh-Heo-ri-Chima.[35] By the mid-20th century, some outer chima also gained a sleeveless bodice, which was then covered by the jeogori.[36][unreliable source?][37][unreliable source?]

Baji

[edit]

Baji (바지) refers to the bottom part of the men's hanbok. It is the term for "trousers" in Korean. Compared to western style pants, baji does not fit tightly. The roomy design is aimed at making the clothing ideal for sitting on the floor and an ethnic style that dates back to the Three kingdoms period.[38] It functions as modern trousers do and the term baji is commonly used in Korea to refer to every kind of pants.

The baji-malgi is a waistband of the baji that has a long string of goreum.

Baji can be unlined trousers, leather trousers, silk pants, or cotton pants, depending on style of dress, sewing method, embroidery and so on.

Sokgot

[edit]

Sokgot (속곳) is a collective noun for various types of traditional Korean undergarments. They were worn as part of a hanbok before the import of Western-style underwear. Women usually wore several layers of undergarments, the more layers they had the richer they were.[39] Undergarments were considered very important, thus it happened that the quality and material of the underwear was better than that of the visible outer layers.[40]

Deot-ot

[edit]

Deot-ot refers to a category of outer layers worn on top of the jeogori. There are many varieties other than the ones listed here.

Po

[edit]

Po (; ) is a generic term referring to an outer robe or overcoat. There are two general types of po, the Korean type and the Chinese type.[41] The Korean type is a common style from the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, and it is used in the modern day.[26][41] The Chinese type consist of different types of po from mainland China.[41]

Durumagi is a type of po that was worn for protection against the cold. It has been widely worn as an outer robe over jeogori and baji. It is also called jumagui, juchaui, or juui.[31][26][42]

Banbi

[edit]

Banbi (반비; 半臂, lit. 'half sleeve') are a type Hanfu that originated from the Tang dynasty. Banbi refers to variety of short sleeved garments worn on top of inner garments, typically the Yuanling pao (Chinese: 圓領袍, 'round collar robe'). Numerous outer half-sleeved Banbi can be seen in ancient Tang-era paintings, murals, and statues.[43]

Bigap

[edit]

A sleeveless outer garment that was derived from Mongolian clothing worn during the Goryeo period.[44]

Baeja and kwaeja

[edit]

Baeja refers to sleeveless outer garments that are worn on top of inner garments. It can be different lengths, short to long. Kwaeja is interchangeable with baeja, but kwaeja often refers to men's clothing.

Dapho

[edit]

The dapho (도포; 道袍) is a short-sleeved men's outer garment, often part of military uniform or official uniform.

Jokki

[edit]

Jokki (조끼) is a type of vest, while magoja is an outer jacket. The jokki was created around late Joseon dynasty, as Western culture began to affect Korea.

Magoja

[edit]

Magoja (마고자) does not have a git, the band of fabric trimming the collar.[25] The magoja for men sometimes has seop (Korean, overlapped column on the front) and is longer than women's magoja, with both sides open at the bottom. A magoja can be made of silk and often adorned with danchu which are usually made from amber. In men's magoja, buttons are attached to the right side, as opposed to the left as in women's magoja.[42]

It was introduced to Korea after Heungseon Daewongun, the father of King Gojong, returned from his political exile in Tianjin in 1887.[42][45] Long sleeved Magoja were derived from the magwae he wore in exile because of the cold climate there. Owing to its warmth and ease of wear, magoja became popular in Korea. It is also called "deot jeogori" (literally "an outer jeogori") or magwae.[42]

Children's hanbok

[edit]
Children's hanbok

Traditionally, Kkachi durumagi (literally "a magpie's overcoat") were worn as seolbim (설빔), new clothing and shoes worn on the Korean celebration of Korean New Year, while at present, it is worn as a ceremonial garment for dol, the celebration for a baby's first birthday.[46][47] It is a children's colorful overcoat.[48] It was worn mostly by young boys.[49] The clothes is also called obangjang durumagi which means "an overcoat of five directions".[46] It was worn over jeogori (a jacket) and jokki (a vest), while the wearer could put jeonbok (a long vest) over it. Kkachi durumagi was also worn along with headgear such as bokgeon (a peaked cloth hat),[50][51] hogeon (peaked cloth hat with a tiger pattern) for young boys or gulle (decorative headgear) for young girls.[26][need quotation to verify][52]

Children in Washington DC wearing hanbok

Foreign influences in design

[edit]

The clothing of Korea's rulers and aristocrats after CE 7, was influenced by both foreign and indigenous styles, including significant influences from various Chinese dynasties, resulting in some styles of clothing, such as the simui from Song dynasty,[53] gwanbok (관복 or 단령) worn by male officials were generally adopted from and/or influenced by the court clothing system of the Tang,[54][55] Song,[55] and Ming dynasties,[56] and Court clothing of women in the court and women of royalty were adapted from the clothing style of Tang and Ming dynasties.[57][58] The cheolick , which originated in Mongolia, was described in 15th century Korea as gifts from the Ming dynasty or as military uniforms.[59]

The cultural exchange was also bilateral and Goryeo hanbok had cultural influence on some clothing of Yuan dynasty worn by the upper class (i.e. the clothing worn by Mongol royal women's clothing[60] and in the Yuan imperial court[61]).[62] Commoners were less influenced by these foreign fashion trends, and mainly wore a style of indigenous clothing distinct from that of the upper classes.[63]

Design and social position

[edit]
Hwarot, bride clothes

The choice of hanbok can also signal social position. Bright colors, for example, were generally worn by children and girls, and muted hues by middle aged men and women. Unmarried women often wore yellow jeogori and red chima while matrons wore green and red, and women with sons donned navy. The upper classes wore a variety of colours. Contrastingly, commoners were required to wear white, but dressed in shades of pale pink, light green, gray and charcoal on special occasions.

The material of the hanbok also signaled status. The upper classes dressed in hanbok of closely woven ramie cloth or other high grade lightweight materials in warmer months and of plain and patterned silks throughout the remainder of the year. Commoners, in contrast, were restricted to cotton. Patterns were embroidered on hanbok to represent the wishes of the wearer. Peonies on a wedding dress, represented a wish for honor and wealth. Lotus flowers symbolized a hope for nobility, and bats and pomegranates showed the desire for children. Dragons, phoenixes, cranes and tigers were only for royalty and high-ranking officials.[64]

In addition, special variants were made for officials and shamans.[38]

History

[edit]

Three Kingdoms of Korea

[edit]
7th-century Chinese Tang dynasty painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla

The earliest visual depictions of hanbok can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period (57 BCE to 668 CE).[65][66][67][68] The origin of ancient hanbok can be found in the ancient clothing of what is now today's Northern Korea and Manchuria.[69] Some hypothesize that the hanbok of antiquity can trace its origin to nomadic clothing of the Eurasian Steppes (Scythian clothing), spanning across Siberia from western Asia to Northeast Asia, interconnected by the Steppe Route.[70][71][72] Reflecting its nomadic origins in western and northern Asia, ancient hanbok shared structural similarities with hobok type clothing of the nomadic cultures in East Asia, designed to facilitate horse-riding and ease of movement,[23][73][74] such as the use of trousers and jacket for male clothing and the use of left closure in its jacket.[75] However, although the ancient hanbok reflects some similarity with the Scythian clothing, numerous differences between the two types of clothing have also been observed which led associated professor Youngsoo Chang from the Department of Cultural Properties in Gyeongju University in 2020 to suggest that the theory about Scythian clothing being the archetype of the ancient hanbok, a theory accepted as common knowledge in Korean academia, having to be revised.[75] It is also important to note that the Goguryeo tomb murals were primarily painted in two geographical regions: Ji'an (集安) and Pyongyang.[76]: 15  The former is the second capital of Goguryeo while the latter is the third capital of Goguryeo from the mid-fourth to the mid-seventh centuries.[76]: 15  While the mural paintings found in regions Ji'an typically shows the characteristics of Goguryeo people in terms of their customs and morals; those from the regions of Pyeongyang typically show the cultural influences of the Han dynasty as the Han dynasty had governed this geographical region for approximately 400 years, including Chinese-style clothing.[76]: 15 

Goguryeo

[edit]

Early forms of hanbok can be seen in the art of Goguryeo tomb murals in the same period from the 4th to 6th century CE.[68][69][74][77] Trousers, long jackets and twii (a sash-like belt) were worn by both men and women. Women wore skirts on top of their trousers. These basic structural and features of hanbok remain relatively unchanged to this day,[78] except for the length and the ways the jeogori opening was closed as over the years.[67] The jeogori opening was initially closed at the center front of the clothing, similar to a kaftan or closed to the left, before closing to the right side eventually became mainstream.[67] Since the sixth century CE, the closing of the jeogori at the right became a standard practice.[67] The length of the female jeogori also varied.[67] For example, women's jeogori seen in Goguryeo paintings of the late 5th century CE are depicted shorter in length than the man's jeogori.[67]

In early Goguryeo, the jeogori jackets were hip-length Kaftan tunics belted at the waist, and the po overcoats were full body-length Kaftan robes also belted at the waist. The pants were roomy, bearing close similarities to the pants found at Xiongnu burial site of Noin Ula.[citation needed] Some Goguryeo aristocrats wore roomy pants with tighter bindings at the ankle than others, which may have been status symbols along with length, cloth material, and colour. Women sometimes wore pants or otherwise wore pleated skirts. They sometimes wore pants underneath their skirts.[79]

Two types of hwa (shoes) were used, one covering only the foot, and the other covering up to the lower knee.[citation needed]

During this period, conical hat and its similar variants, sometimes adorned with long bird feathers,[80] were worn as headgear.[72] Bird feather ornaments, and bird and tree motifs of golden crowns, are thought to be symbolic connections to the sky.[citation needed]

The Goguryeo period royal attire was known as ochaebok.[67] The precursor of what is now known as the durumagi was introduced during the Goguryeo period from a long coat worn by Northern Chinese.[67] Originally the durumagi was worn by the upper class of Goguryeo for various ceremonies and rituals. It was later modified and worn by the general population.[67] In Muyong-chong murals of Goguryeo, there are male dancers in short jeogori with long flexible sleeves and female dancers wearing long coats with long flexible sleeves, all performing a dance. This type of long sleeves, similar to the Chinese water-sleeves, was passed down to Goryeo, Joseon, and present day Korean court dances and mu-ism rituals.[citation needed]

North-South States period

[edit]

In the North-South States Period (698–926 CE), Silla and Balhae adopted dallyeong, a circular-collar robe from the Tang dynasty of China.[81][82] In Silla, the dallyeong was introduced by Muyeol of Silla in the second year of queen Jindeok of Silla.[82][54] The dallyeong style from China was used as gwanbok, a formal attire for government officials, grooms, and dragon robe, a formal attire for royalty until the end of Joseon.[82]

United Silla

[edit]

The Silla Kingdom unified the Three Kingdoms in 668 CE. The Unified Silla (668-935 CE) was the golden age of Korea. In Unified Silla, various silks, linens, and fashions were imported from Tang China and Persia. In the process, the latest fashions trend of Luoyang which included Chinese dress styles, the second capital of Tang, were also introduced to Korea, where the Korean silhouette became similar to the Western Empire silhouette. King Muyeol of Silla personally travelled to the Tang dynasty to voluntarily request for clothes and belts; it is however difficult to determine which specific form and type of clothing was bestowed although Silla requested the bokdu (幞頭; a form of hempen hood during this period), danryunpo (團領袍; round collar gown), banbi, baedang (䘯襠), and pyo (褾).[54] Based on archaeological findings, it is assumed that the clothing which was brought back during Queen Jindeok rule are danryunpo and bokdu.[54] The bokdu also become part of the official dress code of royal aristocrats, court musicians, servants, and slaves during the reign of Queen Jindeok; it continued to be used throughout the Goryeo dynasty.[83] In 664 CE, Munmu of Silla decreed that the costume of the queen should resemble the costume of the Tang dynasty; and thus, women's costume also accepted the costume culture of the Tang dynasty.[54] Women also sought to imitate the clothing of the Tang dynasty through the adoption of shoulder straps attached to their skirts and wore the skirts over the jeogori.[54][84] The influence of the Tang dynasty during this time was significant and the Tang court dress regulations were adopted in the Silla court.[79][85] The clothing of the Tang dynasty introduced in Silla made the clothing attire of Silla Court extravagant, and due to the extravagance, King Heundeog enforced clothing prohibition during the year 834 CE.[54] The general public of Silla continued to wear their own traditional clothing.[54]

Balhae

[edit]

Balhae (698–926 CE) imported many various kinds of silk and cotton cloth from the Tang and diverse items from Japan including silk products and ramie. In exchange, Balhae would export fur and leather. The clothing culture of Balhae was heterogeneous; it was not only influenced by the Tang dynasty but also had inherited Goguryeo and indigenous Mohe people elements.[86] Early Balhae officials wore clothing appeared to continue the Three Kingdoms period tradition.[86] However, after Mun of Balhae, Balhae started to incorporate elements from the Tang dynasty, which include the putou and round collared gown for its official attire.[86] Male everyday clothing was similar to Gogoryeo clothing in terms of its headgear; i.e. hemp or conical hats with bird feathers; they also wore leather shoes and belts.[86] Women clothing appears to have adopted clothing from Tang dynasty (i.e. upper garment with long sleeves which is partially covered by a long skirts and shoes with curled tips to facilitate walking) but also wore the ungyeon (Yunjuan; a silk shawl) which started to appear after the demise of the Tang dynasty. The Ungyeon use is unique to late Balhae period and is distinctive from the shawl which was worn by the women of the Tang dynasty.[86] People from Balhae also wore fish-skin skirts and sea leopard leather top to keep warm.[86]

Goryeo dynasty

[edit]

The Chinese style imported in the Northern-South period, however, did not affect hanbok still used by the commoners,[citation needed] In the following Goryeo period, use of the Chinese Tang dynasty style of wearing the skirt over the top started to fade, and the wearing of top over skirt was revived in the aristocrat class.[87][88] The way of wearing the top under the chima (Tang-style influenced fashion) did not disappear in Goryeo and continued to coexist with the indigenous style of wearing of the top over skirt throughout the entire Goryeo dynasty; this Tang-style influenced fashion continued to be worn until the early Joseon dynasty and only disappeared in the middle and late Joseon periods.[89]

In Goryeo Buddhist paintings, the clothing and headwear of royalty and nobles typically follows the clothing system of the Song dynasty.[90] The Goryeo painting "Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara", for example, is a Buddhist painting which was derived from both Chinese and Central Asian pictorial references.[91] On the other hand, the Chinese clothing worn in Yuan dynasty rarely appeared in paintings of Goryeo.[90] The Song dynasty system was later exclusively used by Goryeo Kings and Goryeo government officials after the period when Goryeo was under Mongol rule (1270 –1356).[92] However, even in the Buddhist painting of the late Goryeo, such as the Royal Palace Mandala, the courting ladies are depicted in Tang and Song dynasty-style court dress clothing, which is a different style from the Mongol Yuan court.[92]

Hanbok went through significant changes under Mongol rule. After the Goryeo dynasty signed a peace treaty with the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, Mongolian princesses who married into the Korean royal house brought with them Mongolian fashion which began to prevail in both formal and private life.[54][71][94][95] A total of seven women from the Yuan imperial family were married to the kings of Goryeo.[61] The Yuan dynasty princess followed the Mongol lifestyle who was instructed to not abandon the Yuan traditions in regards to clothing and precedents.[54] As a consequence, the clothing of Yuan was worn in the Goryeo court and impacted the clothing worn by the upper-class families who visited the Goryeo court.[54] The Yuan clothing culture which influenced the upper classes and in some extent the general public is called Mongolpung.[61] King Chungryeol, who was political hostage to the Yuan dynasty and pro-Yuan, married the princess of Yuan announcing a royal edict to change into Mongol clothing.[54] After the fall of the Yuan dynasty, only Mongol clothing which were beneficial and suitable to Goryeo culture were maintained while the others disappeared.[54] As a result of the Mongol influence, the chima skirt was shortened, and jeogori was hiked up above the waist and tied at the chest with a long, wide ribbon, the goreumg (an extending ribbon tied on the right side) instead of the twii (i.e. the early sash-like belt) and the sleeves were curved slightly.[citation needed]

The cultural exchange was also bilateral and Goryeo had cultural influence on the Mongols court of the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368); one example is the influence of Goryeo women's hanbok on the attire of aristocrats, queens, and concubines of the Mongol court which occurred in the capital city, Khanbaliq.[96][97][98] However, this influence on the Mongol court clothing mainly occurred in the last years of the Yuan dynasty.[99][61] Throughout the Yuan dynasty, many people from Goryeo were forced to move into the Yuan; most of them were kongnyo (literally translated as "tribute women"), eunuchs, and war prisoners.[61][100] About 2000 women from Goryeo were sent to Yuan as kongnyo against their will.[61] Although women from Goryeo were considered very beautiful and good servants, most of them lived in unfortunate situations, marked by hard labour and sexual abuse.[61] However, this fate was not reserved to all of them; and one Goryeo woman became the last Empress of the Yuan dynasty; this was Empress Gi who was elevated as empress in 1365.[61] Most of the cultural influence that Goryeo exerted on the upper class of the Yuan dynasty occurred when Empress Gi came into power as empress and started to recruit many Goryeo women as court maids.[61] The influence of Goryeo on the Mongol court's clothing during the Yuan dynasty was dubbed as Goryeoyang ("the Goryeo style") and was rhapsodized by the Late Yuan dynasty poet, Zhang Xu, in the form of a short banbi (半臂) with square collar (方領).[61][60] However, so far, the modern interpretation on the appearance of Mongol royal women's clothing influenced by Goryeo is based on authors' suggestions.[60] According to Hyunhee Park: "Like the Mongolian style, it is possible that this Koryŏ style [Koryŏ yang] continued to influence some Chinese in the Ming period after the Ming dynasty replaced the Yuan dynasty, a topic to investigate further."[101]

Joseon dynasty

[edit]

Neo-Confucianism as the ruling ideology in Joseon was established by the early Joseon dynasty kings; this led to the dictation of clothing style worn by all social classes in Joseon (including the dress of the royals, the court members, the aristocrats and commoners) in all types of occasions, which included wedding and funerals.[102] Social values such as the integrity in men and chastity in women were also reflected in how people would dress.[102] After the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) or Imjin War, economic hardship on the peninsula may have influenced the closer-fitting styles that use less fabric.[103]

Women's everyday wear

[edit]
Ordinary people's clothing,[92] Mural tomb of Bak Ik in Gobeop-ri, Miryang. Bak Ik was a civil official who lived from 1332 to 1398 CE, Early Joseon

Early Joseon continued the women's fashion for baggy, loose clothing, such as those seen on the mural from the tomb of Bak Ik (1332–1398);[104] the murals from the tomb of Bak Ik are valuable resources in Korean archaeology and art history for study of life and customs in the early Joseon.[105] The women of the upper classes, the monarchy and the court wore hanbok which was inspired by the Ming dynasty clothing while simultaneously maintaining a distinctive Korean-style look; in turn, the women of the lower class generally imitated the upper-class women clothing.[106] During the Joseon dynasty, the chima or skirt adopted fuller volume, while the jeogori or blouse took more tightened and shortened form, features quite distinct from the hanbok of previous centuries, when chima was rather slim and jeogori baggy and long, reaching well below waist level.

In the 15th century, neo-confucianism was very rooted in the social life in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries which lead to the strict regulation of clothing (including fabric use, colours of fabric, motifs, and ornaments) based on status.[107] Neo-confucianism also influence women's wearing of full-pleated chima, longer jeogori, and multiple layers clothing in order to never reveal skin.[108] In the 15th century, women started wearing of full-pleated chima which completely hide the body lines and longer-length jeogori.[109][108][110] The 15th century CE chima-jeogori style was undoubtedly a clothing style introduced from China consisting of longer jeogori and pleated chima.[108]

However, by the 16th century, the jeogori had shortened to the waist and appears to have become closer fitting, although not to the extremes of the bell-shaped silhouette of the 18th and 19th centuries.[111][112][103] In the 16th century, women's jeogori was long, wide, and covered the waist.[113] The length of women's jeogori gradually shortened: it was approximately 65 cm in the 16th century, 55 cm in the 17th century, 45 cm in the 18th century, and 28 cm in the 19th century, with some as short as 14.5 cm.[113] A heoritti (허리띠) or jorinmal (졸잇말) was worn to cover the breasts.[113] The trend of wearing a short jeogori with a heoritti was started by the gisaeng and soon spread to women of the upper class.[113] Among women of the common and lowborn classes, a practice emerged in which they revealed their breasts by removing a cloth to make breastfeeding more convenient.[114] As there was an excessive preference for boys in the Joseon dynasty, the deliberate exposure of breast eventually became a cultural practice and an indicator of women's pride and status symbol in having given birth to a son and thus she would "proudly bare her breasts to feed her child, deliberately provoking the envy of other women".[84] During the 17th and 18th centuries the fullness of the skirt was concentrated around the hips, thus forming a silhouette similar to Western bustles. In the 18th century, the jeogori became very short to the point that the waistband of the chima was visible; this style was first seen on female entertainers at the Joseon court.[106] The jeogori continued to shorten until it reached the modern times jeogori-length; i.e. just covering the breasts.[108] The fullness of the skirt reached its extreme around 1800. During the 19th century fullness of the skirt was achieved around the knees and ankles thus giving chima a triangular or an A-shaped silhouette, which is still the preferred style to this day. Many undergarments such as darisokgot, soksokgot, dansokgot, and gojengi were worn underneath to achieve desired forms.

At the end of the 19th century, as mentioned above, Heungseon Daewongun introduced magoja, a Manchu-style jacket, which is often worn over jeogori to this day.

A clothes reformation movement aimed at lengthening jeogori experienced wide success in the early 20th century and has continued to influence the shaping of modern hanbok. Modern jeogori are longer, although still halfway between the waistline and the breasts. Heoritti are sometimes exposed for aesthetic reasons.

Men's everyday wear

[edit]
Male aristocrat dress: a gat (a horsehair hat) on the head and yellow dopo (overcoat)

Men's hanbok saw little change compared to women's hanbok. The form and design of jeogori and baji hardly changed.

In contrast, men's lengthy outwear, the equivalent of the modern overcoat, underwent a dramatic change. Before the late 19th century, yangban men almost always wore jungchimak when traveling. Jungchimak had very lengthy sleeves, and its lower part had splits on both sides and occasionally on the back so as to create a fluttering effect in motion. To some this was fashionable, but to others, namely stoic scholars, it was nothing but pure vanity. Daewon-gun successfully banned jungchimak as a part of his clothes reformation program and jungchimak eventually disappeared.

Durumagi, which was previously worn underneath jungchimak and was basically a house dress, replaced jungchimak as the formal outwear for yangban men. Durumagi differs from its predecessor in that it has tighter sleeves and does not have splits on either sides or back. It is also slightly shorter in length. Men's hanbok has remained relatively the same since the adoption of durumagi. In 1884, the Gapsin Dress Reform took place.[115] Under the 1884's decree of King Gojong, only narrow-sleeves traditional overcoat were permitted; as such, all Koreans, regardless of their social class, their age and their gender started to wear the durumagi or chaksuui or ju-ui (周衣).[115]

Hats was an essential part formal dress and the development of official hats became even more pronounced during this era due to the emphasis of Confucian values.[116] The gat was considered an essential aspect in a man's life; however, to replace the gat in more informal setting, such as their residences, and to feel more comfortable, Joseon-era aristocrats also adopted a lot hats which were introduced from China, such as the banggwan, sabanggwan, dongpagwan, waryonggwan, jeongjagwan.[116] The popularity of those Chinese hats may have partially been due to the promulgation of Confucianism and because they were used by literary figures and scholars in China.[116] In 1895, King Gojong decreed adult Korean men to cut their hair short and western-style clothing were allowed and adopted.[115]

Material and color

[edit]
Heuk dallyeongpo in the late 18th century

The upper classes wore hanbok of closely woven ramie cloth or other high-grade lightweight materials in warm weather and of plain and patterned silks the rest of the year. Commoners were restricted by law as well as resources to cotton at best.

The upper classes wore a variety of colors, though bright colors were generally worn by children and girls and subdued colors by middle-aged men and women. Commoners were restricted by law to everyday clothes of white, but for special occasions they wore dull shades of pale pink, light green, gray, and charcoal. The color of chima showed the wearer's social position and statement. For example, a navy color indicated that a woman had son(s). Only the royal family could wear clothing with geumbak-printed patterns (gold leaf) on the bottom of the chima.


Headdresses

[edit]
A woman wearing a wig, or gache

Both men and women wore their hair in a long braid until they were married, at which time the hair was knotted. A man's hair was knotted in a topknot called sangtu (상투) on the top of the head, and the woman's hair was rolled into a ball shaped form or komeori and was set just above the nape of the neck.

A long pin, or binyeo (비녀), was worn in women's knotted hair as both a fastener and a decoration. The material and length of the binyeo varied according to the wearer's class and status. Women also wore a ribbon known as a daenggi (댕기) to tie and decorate braided hair. Women wore a jokduri on their wedding day and wore an ayam for protection from the cold. Men wore a gat, which varied according to class and status.

Before the 19th century, women of high social backgrounds and kisaeng wore wigs (gache). Like their Western counterparts, Koreans considered bigger and heavier wigs to be more desirable and aesthetic. Such was the women's frenzy for the gache that in 1788 King Jeongjo banned by royal decree the use of gache, as they were deemed contrary to the Korean Confucian values of reserve and restraint.[117]

Owing to the influence of Neo-Confucianism, it was compulsory for women throughout the entire society to wear headdresses (nae-oe-seugae) to avoid exposing their faces when going outside. Those headdresses may include suegaechima (a headdress which looked like a chima but was narrower and shorter in style, worn by the upper-class women and later by all classes of people in late Joseon), the jang-ot, and the neoul (which was only permitted for court ladies and noblewomen).[118]

Later development

[edit]

Modern hanbok is the direct descendant of hanbok patterned after those worn by the aristocratic women or by the people who were at least from the middle-class in the Joseon period,[85][119] specifically the late 19th century. Hanbok had gone through various changes and fashion fads during the five hundred years under the reigns of Joseon kings and eventually evolved to what is now considered typical hanbok.

Beginning in the late 19th century, hanbok was largely replaced by new Western imports like the Western suit and dress. Today, formal and casual wear are usually based on Western styles. However, hanbok is still worn for traditional occasions, and is reserved for celebrations like weddings, the Lunar New Year, annual ancestral rites, or the birth of a child.

Modern usage

[edit]

Hanbok has been featured in international haute couture; on the catwalk, in 2015 when Karl Lagerfeld dressed Korean models for Chanel, and during Paris Fashion Week in photography by Phil Oh.[120] It has also been worn by international celebrities, such as Britney Spears and Jessica Alba, and athletes, such as tennis player Venus Williams and football player Hines Ward.[121]

Hanbok is also popular among Asian-American celebrities, such as Lisa Ling and Miss Asia 2014, Eriko Lee Katayama.[122] It has also made appearances on the red carpet, and was worn by Sandra Oh at the SAG Awards, and by Sandra Oh's mother who made fashion history in 2018 for wearing a hanbok to the Emmy Awards.[123]

South Korea

[edit]

The South Korean government has supported the resurgence of interest in hanbok by sponsoring fashion designers.[124] Domestically, hanbok has become trendy in street fashion and music videos. It has been worn by the prominent K-pop artists like Blackpink and BTS, notably in their music videos for "How You Like That" and "Idol."[125][126][unreliable source?]

In Seoul, a tourist's wearing of hanbok makes their visit to the Five Grand Palaces (Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung, Gyeongbokgung and Gyeonghuigung) free of charge.

In Busan, the APEC South Korea 2005 provided hanbok for delegates of the 21 member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

North Korea

[edit]
Joseon-ot in North Korea
Women in joseon-ot, North Korea, 2017
Newlywed bride in hanbok, North Korea
Women wearing uniform joseon-ot, North Korea
Little girls wearing chima-jeogori, North Korea, Pyeongyang

Hanbok is also worn in present-day North Korea where it is known as Joseon-ot (조선옷; 朝鮮옷; Joseon-ot).[127] The Joseon-ot thus highlights the identity of the Korean ethnic and has been more actively promoted under the rule of Kim Jong Un.[127] The Joseon-ot is currently typically worn during special occasions, e.g. weddings,[128]: 49  and when North Koreans celebrate the 60th, 70th, and 80th birthdays of their parents.[127] It is also mandated that women wear Joseon-ot when attending National events, such as Kim Jong Il's birthday (16 February), International women's day (8 March), Kim Il Sung's birthday (15 April), Foundation Day (9 September).[128]: 78  White colored hanbok is often used as the color white has been the traditionally favored by the Korean people as the symbolism of pure spirit.[127]

The chima-jeogori remains the clothing of women, including female university students who are required to wear it as part of their university school uniforms.[127] The uniform of female university students has been a black-and-white chima-jeogori since the early to mid 2000s.[127] The chima can often be found at a length of about 30 cm from the ground for practical purposes in order to facilitate movements and to ensure that women could wear it during their daily workday with ease and comfort; this decrease in skirt length also gives a sense of modern style.[128]: 75 

The Joseon-ot patterns also have special meanings which are given by the North Koreans.[127] Generally, young people in North Korea like floral prints and bright colours, while the older generations favour simple styles of clothing and solid colours.[129]: 376  The chima-jeogori in North Korea is sometimes characterized by its use of floral patterns which are often added to the sleeves of the jeogori and to the chima.[127] Azaleas, in particular, are favoured in Yongbyon due to their association with the emotional poem Azaleas (《진달래꽃》) by Kim So-wol.[127] Men occasionally wear joseon-ot.[127]

However, joseon-ot are typically more expensive than ordinary clothing, and renting is available for people who cannot afford to purchase one; some are available for purchase at US$20 while the joseon-ot made in China with South Korean designs and fabrics are more expensive and can cost approximately US$3000.[127] The mid-2010s also saw the increased popularity of children dressing in joseon-ot by their parents.[127]

History

[edit]

The 1950s and 1960s also saw women from the upper-class wear Joseon-ot made out of rayon while a black-and-white chima-jeogori consisting of a black long-length chima and white jeogori were used in the 1950s and 1960s where it was generally worn by women;[130] this style can, however, be traced to a typical clothing style used in the Joseon period.[127] This combination is still representative of the ideal woman and remains the official outfit for women in North Korea to this day.[128]: 77  In the 1980s, the Joseon-ot became the official attire of women when attending ceremonies while western-style clothing became the everyday, ordinary clothing.[130]

After the mid-1990s due to extreme economic contractions, women could purchase their Joseon-ot in private markers and were allowed to choose their desired colours and designs.[127]

In 2001, Lee Young-Hee, a South Korean hanbok designer visited Pyongyang to hold a fashion show at the Pyeongyang Youth Center on 4 and 6 June;[129]: 262  and since the 2002, North Korea have held their own fashion show in Pyongyang every spring.[130] Since 2001, there have been an increase of shops specialized in the customization of Joseon-ot in Pyongyang which was reported by the KBCS.[129]: 261 This increase was due to a project implemented by the public service bureau of the Pyongyang People's Committee to increase Joseon-ot tailoring shops.[129]: 262  These shops are typically found in large cities, such as Pyeongyang and Gaesong but are rarely found in small cities and villages.[129]: 262 

Modern usage by Korean diaspora

[edit]

China

[edit]
Illustration of vintage chaoxianfu on the Yanbian Literature & Art magazine cover, China, 1975–1983

In China, the hanbok is referred as chaoxianfu (Chinese: 朝鮮服; 조선옷; 朝鮮옷; Joseon-ot) and is recognized as being the traditional ethnic clothing of chaoxianzu (simplified Chinese: 朝鲜族; traditional Chinese: 朝鮮族; pinyin: cháoxiǎnzú; lit. 'Joseon (Korean) ethnic group') in China. Chaoxianzu is an official term and is recognized as one of the official 55 ethnic minorities in China.[21] People of the chaoxianzu ethnic group are not recent immigrants to China, but have a long history having lived in China for generations.[18]: 240  They share the same ethnic identity as the ethnic Korean peope in both North and South Korea, but are counted as Chinese citizens by nationality under the Constitution of China. Their traditions are not entirely the same due to their unique historical experiences, geographical location and mixed identities.[21] The term chaoxianzu literally corresponds to Chosŏnjok (조선족; 朝鮮族), a non-official derogatory term in South Korea, to refer to Hangukgye Junggugin (lit.'Korean-Chinese'), which is the actual legal term in South Korea.[131] In the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, where most chaoxianzu reside,[21] the chaoxianfu was mostly worn on special occasions in the past;[18] however, by 2019, they had regained popularity and have become fashionable.[21]

Since the Chinese economic reform of China, there have been more exchanges with both Koreas leading to both the development and changes in chaoxianzu-style Chosŏn-ot in China;[21] some of designs of the chaoxianzu-style Chosŏn-ot have been influenced and inspired by both South Korean and North Korean hanbok designs.[18]: 246 

Chaoxianzu people originally preferred to wear white as it represented cleanliness, simplicity, and purity; however, since the 20th century, the colours started to become brighter and more vivid as woven fabrics, such as polyester and nylon sateen, started to be introduced.[21] The "reform and opening up" of China also allowed for more exchanges with both Koreas, which lead to the both development and changes in the chaoxianfu of China.[21] Following the chaoxianzu tradition, the chaoxianfu has an A-line in silhouette to give it the appearance of a mountain as per the tradition, women are the host of the family, and thus, women holding the household need to be stable; the chaoxianfu also covers the entire body.[21] The chaoxianzu have developed their own style of hanbok[19] due to the isolation for about 50 years from both North and South Korea.[18]: 240, 246  As a result, the styles of hanbok in South Korea, North Korea, and China, worn by the Korean people from these three countries have developed separately from each other. For example, Yemi Hanbok by Songok Ryu, an ethnic chaoxianzu from the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, is unique in both style and business model as it can operate in both South Korea and North Korea.[18]: 240, 246  In terms of chaoxianfu design, Yemi Hanbok designs are based on Chinese-style designs.[18]: 246  Over the years, the women's chaoxianfu also changed in length for the jeogori, git, and goreum and changed in width for the git, dong-jeong, sleeves, and goreum. The git and barae have evolved from straight to curve patterns. The wrinkle arrangement, length, and silhouette of the chima have also evolved; some of the skirts were sometimes decorated with gold embroidery or gold leaf at the bottom hem.[19] The colours used were also very varied; for example, feminine colours such as pink, yellow, and deep red could be used.[19] The 1990s saw the use of gold leaf, floral prints, embroidery on the women's chaoxianfu; the use of gradient colours also emerged.[19] For men, their jeogori, baji, and sleeves were made longer; their baji also became wider. The durumagi continues to be worn, and the baeja and magoja are worn frequently in present-days.[19]

On 7 June 2008, the chaoxianfu were approved by the State Council of China to be included in the second layer of national intangible cultural heritage.[21] In 2011, the chaoxianfu was officialy designated as being part of the intangible cultural heritage of China by the Chinese government; while the announcement was welcomed by the chaoxianzu people in China as a proud indicator of their equal membership in a multi-ethnic and multicultural country such as China, it received negative criticism from South Koreans who perceived it as a "scandalous appropriation of the distinctive national culture of Koreans".[132]: 239  In 2022, a girl from the chaoxianzu ethnic group wore a chaoxianfu on the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics opening ceremony leading to an uproar from South Koreans who accused China of cultural appropriation.[131]

Social status

[edit]

Especially from the Goryeo dynasty, the hanbok started to determine differences in social status (from people with the highest social status (kings), to those of the lowest social status (slaves)[133]) and gender through the many types, components,[133] colours,[134]: 132  and characteristics.[135] Although the modern hanbok does not express a person's status or social position, hanbok was an important element of distinguishment especially in the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties.[135] For example, farmers and commoners were not allowed to wear colour garments in their daily lives, excluding some categories of people, such as the shamans, gisaeng, and children, who were allowed to wear colourful clothing despite their social status.[134]: 132  Occasions when all people were allowed to wear colourful clothing were for special ceremonial occasions (e.g. wedding, birthday, holidays).[134]: 132 

Clothes

[edit]

Hwarot

[edit]

Hwarot or hwal-ot was the full dress for a princess and the daughter of a king by a concubine, formal dress for the upper class, and bridal wear for ordinary women during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties.[136] Popular embroidered patterns on hwarot were lotuses, phoenixes, butterflies, and the ten traditional symbols of longevity: the sun; mountains; water; clouds; rocks/stone; pine trees; the mushroom of immortality; turtles; white cranes, and deer.[137] Each pattern represented a different role within society, for example: a dragon represented an emperor while a phoenix represented a queen; floral patterns represented a princess and a king's daughter by a concubine, and clouds and cranes represented high ranking court officials.[136] All these patterns throughout Korean history had meanings of longevity, good luck, wealth and honor.[136] Hwarot also had blue, red, and yellow colored stripes in each sleeve; a woman usually wore a scarlet-colored skirt and yellow or green-colored Jeogori, a traditional Korean jacket.[136] Hwarot was worn over the Jeogori and skirt.[136] A woman also wore her hair in a bun, with an ornamental hairpin and a ceremonial coronet.[136] A long ribbon was attached to the ornamental hairpin, the hairpin is known as Yongjam (용잠).[136] In more recent times, people wear hwarot on their wedding day, and so the Korean tradition survives in the present day.[136]

Wonsam

[edit]

Wonsam was a ceremonial overcoat for a married woman in the Joseon dynasty.[138] The Wonsam was also adopted from China and is believed to have been one of the costumes from the Tang dynasty which was bestowed in the Unified Three Kingdoms period.[82] It was mostly worn by royalty, high-ranking court ladies, and noblewomen and the colors and patterns represented the various elements of the Korean class system.[138] The empress wore yellow; the queen wore red; the crown princess wore a purple-red color;[134]: 132  meanwhile a princess, a king's daughter by a concubine, and a woman of a noble family or lower wore green.[138] All the upper social ranks usually had two colored stripes in each sleeve: yellow-colored Wonsam usually had red and blue colored stripes, red-colored Wonsam had blue and yellow stripes, and green-colored Wonsam had red and yellow stripes.[138] Lower-class women wore many accompanying colored stripes and ribbons, but all women usually completed their outfit with onhye or danghye, traditional Korean shoes.[138]

Dangui

[edit]

Dangui or tangwi were minor ceremonial robes for the queen, a princess, or wife of a high ranking government official while it was worn during major ceremonies among the noble class in the Joseon dynasty.[137] The materials used to make dangui varied depending on the season, so upper-class women wore thick dangui in winter while they wore thinner layers in summer.[139] The dangui came in many colors, but yellow and/or green were most common. However the emperor wore purple dangui, and the queen wore red.[139] In the Joseon dynasty, ordinary women wore dangui as part of their wedding dress.[139]

Myeonbok and Jeokui

[edit]
Myeonbok
[edit]

Myeonbok were the king's religious and formal ceremonial robes while jeokui were the queen's equivalent during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties.[140] Myeonbok was composed of Myeonryu-Gwan (면류관) and Gujang-bok (구장복).[140] Myonryu-Gwan had beads, which hung loose; these would prevent the king from seeing wickedness.[140] There were also wads of cotton in the left and right sides of Myeonryu-Gwan, and these were supposed to make the king oblivious to the influence of corrupt officials. Gujang-bok was black, and it bore nine symbols out of the Twelve ornaments, which all represented the king:[140]

  1. Dragon: A dragon's appearance paralleled how the king governed and subsequently brought balance to the world.[140]
  2. Fire: The king was expected to be intelligent and wise to govern the people effectively, like a guiding light represented by the fire.[140]
  3. Pheasant: The image of a pheasant represented magnificence.[140]
  4. Mountain: As a mountain is high, the king was on a par in terms of status and was deserving of respect and worship.[140]
  5. Tiger: A tiger represented the king's courage.[140]
  6. Monkey: A monkey symbolized wisdom.[140]
  7. Rice: As the people needed rice to live, the king was compared to this foodstuff as he had the responsibility of protecting their welfare.[140]
  8. Axe: This indicated that the king had the ability to save and take lives.[140]
  9. Water plant: Another depiction of the king's magnificence.[140]
Jeokui
[edit]

Jeokui or tseogwi (Korean적의) was arranged through the use of different colors as a status symbol within the royal family.[141] The empress wore purple-red colored Jeokui, the queen wore pink, and the crown princess wore deep blue.[141] "Jeok" means pheasant, and so Jeokui often had depictions of pheasants embroidered onto it.[141]

Cheolique

[edit]

Cheolick (Cheollik; 철릭) was a Korean adaptation of the Mongol tunic Terlig. The first recorded reference to the Terlig in Korea dates to the 15th century during the Joseon period. They were described as presents from the Ming dynasty or as military uniforms. A Joseon publication of a Goryeo period song Jeongseokga in the Akjang Gasa used the term Telik, referring to an officer's uniform. However in surviving Goryeo literary sources, there is no reference to a term for clothing similar to Terlig in sound. Due to Mongol influence, some Korean vocabulary including official titles, falconry, and military terms originated in the Mongol language.[59]

The Cheolick, unlike other forms of Korean clothing, is an amalgamation of a blouse with a kilt into a single item of clothing. The flexibility of the clothing allowed easy horsemanship and archery. During the Joseon dynasty, they continued to be worn by the king, and military officials for such activities. It was usually worn as a military uniform, but by the end of the Joseon dynasty, it had begun to be worn in more casual situations. A unique characteristic allowed the detachment of the Cheolick's sleeves which could be used as a bandage if the wearer was injured in combat.[142]

Ayngsam

[edit]

Ayngsam was the formal clothing for students during the national government exam and governmental ceremonies.[143] It was typically yellow, but for the student who scored the highest in the exam, they were rewarded with the ability to wear green Aengsam.[143] If the highest-scoring student was young, the king awarded him with red-colored Aengsam.[143] It was similar to the namsam but with a different colour.[144]

Accessories

[edit]
Hanbok accessories

Binyeo

[edit]

Binyeo was a traditional ornamental hairpin, and it had a different-shaped tip again depending on social status.[145] As a result, it was possible to determine the social status of the person by looking at the binyeo. Women in the royal family had dragon or phoenix-shaped Binyeo while ordinary women had trees or Japanese apricot flowers.[146] And Binyeo was a proof of marriage. Therefore, to a woman, Binyeo was an expression of chastity and decency.[147]

Daenggi

[edit]

Daenggi is a traditional Korean ribbon made of cloth to tie and to decorate braided hair.

Norigae

[edit]

Norigae was a typical traditional accessory for women; it was worn by all women regardless of social ranks.[148][149] However, the social rank of the wearer determined the different sizes and materials of the norigae.[149]

Danghye

[edit]

Danghye or tanghye (당혜) were shoes for married women in the Joseon dynasty.[150] Danghye were decorated with trees bearing grapes, pomegranates, chrysanthemums, or peonies: these were symbols of longevity.[151]

Kunghye
[edit]

Danghye for a woman in the royal family were known as kunghye (궁혜), and they were usually patterned with flowers.[151]

Onhye
[edit]

Danghye for an ordinary woman were known as onhye (온혜).[151]

Characteristics

[edit]

Material

[edit]

In Hanbok, various cotton fabrics are used as materials, and with the entry of Western civilization, the range of fabrics such as mixed fabrics has expanded. The use of materials also varies slightly depending on the jeogori and pants, and there is a big difference in the season.[152] In the case of jeogori, there are more than 10 types of general materials such as silk, jade, and general wool, and they use ramie or hemp in summer, and silk or Gapsa, Hangra, and Guksa cloth in spring and autumn.[153][154] The material used evenly throughout the four seasons was sesame, and silk, both ends, and silk were often used in the durumagi for adult men.[155] In the case of silk, which is one of the most widely used materials due to differences in lining and outer material, most of the silk jeogori was lined with silk, and if it was not possible, only the inside of the collar, the tip, and the sap were lined with silk. If this situation did not work out like this, the fine-grained cotton was used. In fact, more than half of the materials identified in the jeogori study were silk, followed by cotton and hemp.[156] In some cases, silk and cotton were lined with a mixture. When the jeogori was torn or broken, most of them were sewn with the same fabric, and a large piece was added to the elbow and sewn.[156] Just as in the fact that silk was used a lot in jeogori, silk, cotton, and literary arts were evenly used in various clothes, ranging from red ginseng, skirt, beoseon, and pants.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Minority Ethnic Clothing : Korean (Chaoxianzu) Clothing". 27 October 2022. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  2. ^ Korean Culture and Information Service, 2018, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Korea
  3. ^ Ji-Yeon O. Jo (30 November 2017). "Koreans in the Commonwealth of Independent States". Homing: An Affective Topography of Ethnic Korean Return Migration. Nonolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780824872519. Retrieved 22 July 2024. [...] Koryǒ Saram [...] did their best to maintain Korean traditions - for example, observing major Korean holidays, wearing hanbok (traditional Korean clothing) on culturally important days, playing customary Korean games, and making traditional rice cakes with traditional Korean tools that they had crafted in diaspora.
  4. ^ The Dreams of the Living and the Hopes of the Dead-Goguryeo Tomb Murals, 2007, Ho-Tae Jeon, Seoul National University Press
  5. ^ a b Flags, color, and the legal narrative : public memory, identity, and critique. Anne Wagner, Sarah Marusek. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 2021. p. 125. ISBN 978-3-030-32865-8. OCLC 1253353500. The basic structure of the Hanbok dress was designed to facilitate ease of movement, incorporating many shamanistic motifs.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  6. ^ "<Records of the Three Kingdoms>".
  7. ^ "<Book of Sui>". Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  8. ^ "History of Song".
  9. ^ "《고려도경》(高麗圖經)".
  10. ^ Passport to Korean culture. Haeoe Hongbowŏn. Seoul, Korea: Korean Culture and Information Service. 2009. ISBN 978-89-7375-153-2. OCLC 680802927.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ a b Gwak, Sung Youn Sonya (2006). Be(com)ing Korean in the United States: Exploring Ethnic Identity Formation Through Cultural Practices. Cambria Press. ISBN 9781621969723.
  12. ^ Lopez Velazquez, Laura (2021). "Hanbok during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasty". Korea.net. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  13. ^ 백의민족 (白衣民族) - Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
  14. ^ "Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty". Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  15. ^ "Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty". Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  16. ^ "Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty". Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  17. ^ Passport to Korean culture. Haeoe Hongbowŏn. Seoul, Korea: Korean Culture and Information Service. 2009. ISBN 978-89-7375-153-2. OCLC 680802927.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Women entrepreneurs: inspiring stories from emerging economies and developing countries. Mauro F. Guillén. New York: Routledge. 2014. ISBN 978-1-136-32459-8. OCLC 857463468.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. ^ a b c d e f Lin, Huishun (2020). "A study on the Alteration of traditional costume of Korean Chinese (I) - Focused on the daily wear" 중국 조선족 전통복식의 변화연구 (I) - 일상복을 중심으로 -. 한국의상디자인학회지 (in Korean). 22 (4): 63–78.
  20. ^ Chang, In-Woo (2006). "Change in Hanbok of South and North Korea after the Division and the Interexchange -Focusing on Women's Jeogori-". Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles. 30 (1): 106–114. ISSN 1225-1151. Archived from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jin, Wenlian (2020). Chaoxianzu's Traditions of Dress: An Exploration of Identity Within Contemporary Fashion Contexts (Thesis thesis). Auckland University of Technology. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  22. ^ 한복데이, 전국 5개 도시서 펼쳐진다. 쿠키뉴스 (in Korean). 15 September 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  23. ^ a b 역사 속의 우리 옷 변천사, 2009, Chonnam National University Press
  24. ^ 김, 여경 (2010). 2000년 이후 인쇄매체에 나타난 한복의 조형미 연구. ScienceON (in Korean). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  25. ^ a b c "Traditional clothing". KBS Global. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008.
  26. ^ a b c d e f 저고리 (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  27. ^ 저고리 (in Korean). Empas / Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  28. ^ a b 치마 (in Korean). Nate / Britannica. Archived from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  29. ^ "Jeogori Before 1910". Gwangju Design Biennale. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  30. ^ 단추. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  31. ^ a b 치마 (in Korean). Nate / EncyKorea. Archived from the original on 21 March 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  32. ^ "Important Folklore Materials:117-23". Cultural Heritage Administration. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  33. ^ "Important Folklore Materials: 229-1-4. Skirt belonging to a Jinju Ha clan woman, who died in 1646". Cultural Heritage Administration. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  34. ^ "World Underwear History: Enlightenment Era". Good People Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  35. ^ "World Underwear History: Enlightenment Era". Good People Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  36. ^ "Recycle LACMA: Red Korean Skirt". Robert Fontenot. June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  37. ^ "Recycle LACMA: Purple Korean Skirt". Robert Fontenot. June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
  38. ^ a b "Korea Information". Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  39. ^ "Underwear Coming Out: No More a Taboo". Ehwa Voice. 1 September 2005. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  40. ^ "About hanbok". han-style.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  41. ^ a b c 포 (袍) (in Korean). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  42. ^ a b c d 두루마기 (in Korean). Empas / Britannica. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  43. ^ Congwen Shen 沈從文. Research on Ancient Chinese Clothing 中國古代服飾研究.Hong Kong Publishing Company, 1981 香港:商務印書館,1981
  44. ^ 최, 해율 (2007). "A Study on the Design of Historical Costume for Making Movie & multimedia-Focused on rich women's costume of Goryeo-yang and Mongol-pung in Thirteenth to Fourteenth Century-". 한국복식학회. 57 (1): 176–186. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  45. ^ "Men's Clothing". Life in Korea. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  46. ^ a b 까치두루마기 (in Korean). Nate / EncyKorea. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2008.
  47. ^ "Geocities.com". Julia's Cook Korean site. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2007.
  48. ^ 까치두루마기 (in Korean and English). Daum Korean-English Dictionary.[permanent dead link]
  49. ^ "Encyber.com". Retrieved 8 October 2014.[permanent dead link]
  50. ^ The Groom's Wedding Attire Archived 23 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Academia Koreana of Keimyung University
  51. ^ "What are the traditional national clothes of Korea?". Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  52. ^ "Hanboks (Traditional Clothing)". Headgear and Accessories Worn Together with Hanbok. Korea Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  53. ^ Kim, In-Suk (1977). 심의고(深依考). Journal of the Korean Society of Costume. 1: 101–117. ISSN 1229-6880.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Yu, Ju-Ri; Kim, Jeong-Mee (2006). "A Study on Costume Culture Interchange Resulting from Political Factors". Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles. 30 (3): 458–469.
  55. ^ a b Kyu-Seong, Choi (2004). "A Study of People's Lives and Traditional Costumes in Goryeo Dynasty". The Research Journal of the Costume Culture. 12 (6): 1060–1069. ISSN 1226-0401. Archived from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
  56. ^ Fashion, identity, and power in modern Asia. Kyunghee Pyun, Aida Yuen Wong. Cham, Switzerland. 2018. p. 116. ISBN 978-3-319-97199-5. OCLC 1059514121.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  57. ^ The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through world history. Jill Condra. Westport, Connecticut. 2008. ISBN 978-0-313-33662-1. OCLC 156808055.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  58. ^ McCallion, 2008, p. 221 – 228
  59. ^ a b Cho, Woohyun; Yi, Jaeyoon; Kim, Jinyoung (2015). "The dress of the Mongol Empire: Genealogy and diaspora of the Terlig". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 68 (3): 22–29. doi:10.1556/062.2015.68.3.2. ISSN 0001-6446.
  60. ^ a b c Choi, Hai-Yaul (2007). "A Study on the Design of Historical Costume for Making Movie & Multimedia -Focused on Rich Women's Costume of Goryeo-Yang and Mongol-Pung in the 13th to 14th Century-". Journal of the Korean Society of Costume. 57 (1): 176–186. ISSN 1229-6880. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kim, Jinyoung; Lee, Jaeyeong; Lee, Jongoh (2015). ""GORYEOYANG" AND "MONGOLPUNG" in the 13th-14th CENTURIES". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 68 (3): 281–292. doi:10.1556/062.2015.68.3.3. ISSN 0001-6446. JSTOR 43957480. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  62. ^ 고려(高麗)의 원(元)에 대(對)한 공녀(貢女),유홍렬,震檀學報,1957
  63. ^ 옷의 역사 (in Korean). Daum / Global World Encyclopedia.[permanent dead link]
  64. ^ Misie Lander (January 2017). Hanbok: An Introduction to South Korea's National Dress
  65. ^ Myeong-Jong, Yoo (2005). The Discovery of Korea: History-Nature-Cultural Heritages-Art-Tradition-Cities. Discovery Media. p. 123. ISBN 978-8995609101.
  66. ^ Macdonald, Fiona, ed. (2004). Peoples of Eastern Asia. Marshall Cavendish. p. 366. ISBN 9780761475545. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lee, Samuel Songhoon (2015). Hanbok: Timeless Fashion Tradition. Seoul Selection. ISBN 9781624120565. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  68. ^ a b Korean Culture and Information Service (South Korea) (2014). Guide to Korean Culture: Korea's cultural heritage. 길잡이미디어. p. 90. ISBN 9788973755714. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  69. ^ a b Condra, Jill, ed. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through World History, Volume II. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 223. ISBN 9780313336645. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  70. ^ Kim, Moon Ja, 2004, 7-15
  71. ^ a b Lee, Kyung-Ja, 2003
  72. ^ a b 김소희; 채금석 (2018). 스키타이 복식 유형 및 형태에 관한 연구 - 고대 한국과의 관계를 중심으로. 한국의상디자인학회지. 20 (1): 61–77. doi:10.30751/kfcda.2018.20.1.61.
  73. ^ Kim, Munja. 우리역사넷. National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  74. ^ a b 김소희; 채금석 (2018). "Scythai's clothing type and style: Focusing on the relationship with ancient Korea". 한국의상디자인학회지. 20 (1): 61–77. doi:10.30751/kfcda.2018.20.1.61.
  75. ^ a b Chang, Youngsoo (Associate Professor, Department of Cultural Heritage, Gyeongju University) (2020). "Empirical Review of the Scythian Origin Theory of Ancient Korean Costumes : Analysis of Commonalities and Differences Between Artifacts of the two Costume Types" 한국 고대복식의 스키타이 복식 유래설에 대한 실증적 검토 - 유물에 나타난 두 복식유형간의 공통점 및 차이점 분석 -. 복식 (in Korean). 70 (2): 188–208. doi:10.7233/jksc.2020.70.2.188. S2CID 219652611. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  76. ^ a b c National Museum of Korea Editorial Team (Spring 2009). "National Museum of Korea Vol.07". Quarterly Magazine. Vol. 7, no. 7. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  77. ^ Nelson, 1993, p.7 & p.213-214
  78. ^ Korea Tourism Organization (20 November 2008). "The beauty of Korean tradition - Hanbok". Korea.net. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
  79. ^ a b Encyclopedia of national dress : traditional clothing around the world. Jill Condra. Santa Barbara, Calif. 2013. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-313-37637-5. OCLC 843418851.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  80. ^ 권, 준희 (2003). "The Jolpung(折風) shaped headgear of Koguryo(高句麗) and Shilla(新羅)". Journal of Korean Traditional Costume (in Korean). 6 (3): 6–84. ISSN 1598-8295. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  81. ^ Lee, Tae-ok. Cho, Woo-hyun. Study on Danryung structure. Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference. 2003. pp. 49-49.
  82. ^ a b c d Nam, Min-yi; Han, Myung-Sook (2000). "A Study on the Items and Shapes of Korean Shrouds". The International Journal of Costume Culture. 3 (2): 100–123. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  83. ^ National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage (2013). Gat : traditional headgear in Korea. Hyŏng-bak Pak, Eunhee Hwang, Kungnip Munhwajae Yŏn'guso. Daejeon, Korea: 길잡이미디어. ISBN 978-89-6325-987-1. OCLC 846696816.
  84. ^ a b Lee, Samuel Songhoon. (2013). Hanbok : Timeless fashion tradition. Seoul Selection. ISBN 978-89-97639-41-0. OCLC 871061483.
  85. ^ a b Pratt, Keith L. (1999). Korea : a historical and cultural dictionary. Richard Rutt, James Hoare. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7007-0464-4. OCLC 42675362.
  86. ^ a b c d e f A new history of Parhae. John B. Duncan, Tongbuga Yŏksa Chaedan. Leiden: Global Oriental. 2012. ISBN 978-90-04-24299-9. OCLC 864678409. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  87. ^ Cho, Woo-hyun. "Characteristics of the Korean Costume and Its Development". 9 (3). Koreana. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)[permanent dead link]
  88. ^ 유행과 우리옷 [Fashion and Korean clothing] (in Korean). Korea the sense. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012.
  89. ^ 김, 남정 (2000). 조선시대 치마에 관한 연구. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  90. ^ a b A companion to Korean art. J. P. Park, Burglind Jungmann, Juhyung Rhi. Hoboken, NJ. 2020. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-118-92702-1. OCLC 1154853080.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  91. ^ Arts of Korea. Yang-mo Chŏng, Judith G. Smith, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1998. p. 436. ISBN 0-87099-850-1. OCLC 38831761. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  92. ^ a b c d Chae, Keum Seok; Kim, Eun Kyoung (2016). "The Study on Costume Shapes through Goryeo Dynasty Paintings -Comparison with Song and Yuan Style-". Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles. 40 (6): 1116–1133. doi:10.5850/JKSCT.2016.40.6.1116. ISSN 1225-1151.
  93. ^ Arts of Korea. Yang-mo Chŏng, Judith G. Smith, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1998. pp. 435–436. ISBN 0-87099-850-1. OCLC 38831761. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  94. ^ "Hanbok". Korean Overseas Information Service. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  95. ^ "UriCulture.com". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  96. ^ Kim, Ki Sun, 2005. v. 5, 81-97.
  97. ^ "News.Naver.com". Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  98. ^ "ChinaCulture.org". Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  99. ^ Yang, Shaorong (2004). Traditional Chinese Clothing: Costumes, Adornments & Culture. Long River Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-59265-019-4.
  100. ^ Soh, Chung-Hee (2004). "Women's Sexual Labor and State in Korean History". Journal of Women's History. 15 (4): 170–177. doi:10.1353/jowh.2004.0022. ISSN 1527-2036. S2CID 144785547.
  101. ^ Park, Hyunhee (2021). Soju : a global history. Cambridge. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-1-108-89577-4. OCLC 1198087560.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  102. ^ a b Guide to Korean culture. Haeoe Hongbowŏn. Seoul, Republic of Korea. 2013. p. 92. ISBN 978-89-7375-571-4. OCLC 882879939.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  103. ^ a b "Five Centuries of Shrinking Korean Fashions". The Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  104. ^ Miryang gobeomni bagik byeokhwamyo (Mural tomb of Bak Ik in Gobeop-ri, Miryang) Archived 4 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Cultural Heritage Administration. Accessed 15 July 2009.
  105. ^ Administration, Cultural Heritage. "Mural Tomb of Bak Ik, Miryang - Heritage Search". Cultural Heritage Administration. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  106. ^ a b Welters, Linda (2018). Fashion history : a global view. Abby Lillethun. London, UK. ISBN 978-1-4742-5363-5. OCLC 1004424828.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  107. ^ The Greenwood encyclopedia of clothing through world history. Jill Condra. Westport, Connecticut. 2008. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-313-33662-1. OCLC 156808055.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  108. ^ a b c d Murray, Anne Wood (Emeritus Curator of American Costume, Division of Costume, Department of Social and Cultural History, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.). "Dress - Korea". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2021. In the 15th century, Korean women began to wear pleated skirts (chima) and longer chŏgori, a style that was undoubtedly introduced from China.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  109. ^ Guide to Korean culture. Haeoe Hongbowŏn. Seoul, Republic of Korea. 2013. p. 93. ISBN 978-89-7375-571-4. OCLC 882879939.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  110. ^ Yang, Sunny (1997). Hanbok : the art of Korean clothing. Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym. p. 61. ISBN 1-56591-082-6. OCLC 39614017.
  111. ^ Keum, Ki-Suk "The Beauty of Korean Traditional Costume" (Seoul: Yeorhwadang, 1994) ISBN 89-301-1039-8 p.43
  112. ^ "Contemporary Artwork of Korean Women". Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
  113. ^ a b c d 허윤희. 조선 여인 저고리 길이 300년간 2/3나 짧아져. 조선닷컴 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  114. ^ Han, Hee-sook (2004). "Women's Life during the Chosŏn Dynasty". International Journal of Korean History. 6 (1): 142. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  115. ^ a b c Pyun, Kyunghee; Wong, Aida Yuen (2018). Fashion, identity, and power in modern Asia. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-97199-5. OCLC 1059514121.
  116. ^ a b c Ch'oe, Ŭn-su (2012). Gat : traditional headgear in Korea. Hyŏng-bak Pak, Eunhee Hwang, Kungnip Munhwajae Yŏn'guso. Daejeon, Korea. ISBN 978-89-6325-987-1. OCLC 846696816.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  117. ^ "The Traditional Art of Beauty and Perfume in Ancient Korea {Cultural Notes} {Beauty Notes} - The Scented Salamander: Perfume & Beauty Blog & Webzine". www.mimifroufrou.com.
  118. ^ Cho, Seunghye (3 September 2017). "The Ideology of Korean Women's Headdresses during the Chosŏn Dynasty". Fashion Theory. 21 (5): 553–571. doi:10.1080/1362704X.2016.1251089. ISSN 1362-704X. S2CID 165117375.
  119. ^ Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (2009). Passport to Korean culture. Haeoe Hongbowŏn (2009 ed.). Seoul, Korea: Korean Culture and Information Service. p. 104. ISBN 978-89-7375-153-2. OCLC 680802927.
  120. ^ "The Story Behind Seoul's Latest Street Style Staple". Vogue. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  121. ^ "8 American Celebrities Wearing Hanbok". SweetandtastyTV. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  122. ^ "KIM MeHee hanbok couture". KIM MeHee hanbok couture. Archived from the original on 23 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  123. ^ "Sandra Oh's mother makes Emmys history by wearing traditional Korean hanbok to awards". Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  124. ^ "Designers add a modern twist to hanbok style : Government is keen to show the world the versatility of Korea's traditional attire". Korea JoongAng Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  125. ^ "11 times BTS rocked traditional Korean clothing". SBS PopAsia. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  126. ^ "Here's Everything You Need To Know About BLACKPINK's Korean Hanbok Outfits In "How You Like That" MV". 26 June 2020. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  127. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Hanbok in N. Korea". KBS World. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  128. ^ a b c d Mysterious Pyongyang: Cosmetics, Beauty Culture and North Korea. Nam Sung-wook, Chae Su-lan, Lee Ga-young (editors). Springer Singapore. 2020. ISBN 9789811577031.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  129. ^ a b c d e Yonhap News Agency, Seoul (27 December 2002). Yonhap News Agency (ed.). North Korea Handbook. M. E. Sharpe Incorporated. ISBN 9780765635235.
  130. ^ a b c "Changes in the Clothing Culture of North Korea under the Kim Jong Un Regime". Global North Korea (in Korean). Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  131. ^ a b Ahn, Yeong-chun. "[Column] The hanbok belongs to the Korean diaspora, too". The Hankyoreh. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
  132. ^ Kim, Jaeeun (2016). Contested embrace : transborder membership politics in twentieth-century Korea. Stanford, California. ISBN 978-0-8047-9961-4. OCLC 951625687.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  133. ^ a b "Gale - Product Login". galeapps.gale.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  134. ^ a b c d Color and design. Marilyn Revell DeLong, Barbara Martinson. London: Berg Publishers. 2012. ISBN 978-1-84788-953-9. OCLC 853455231.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  135. ^ a b Cho, Woo-hyun, "Characteristics of the Korean Costume and Its Development" Archived 31 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, "Koreana", 1995
  136. ^ a b c d e f g h "≪C뉴스041≫ 조은아의 한복이야기 (26)". C뉴스041. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  137. ^ a b "Traditional Korean Clothing". www.lifeinkorea.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  138. ^ a b c d e "≪C뉴스041≫ 조은아의 한복이야기 (25)". C뉴스041. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  139. ^ a b c "≪C뉴스041≫ 조은아의 한복이야기 (27)". C뉴스041. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  140. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 면복. terms.naver.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  141. ^ a b c 왕실 여성들의 적의. terms.naver.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  142. ^ 철릭. terms.naver.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  143. ^ a b c 앵삼. terms.naver.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  144. ^ 난삼(襴(幱)衫). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  145. ^ 비녀. terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  146. ^ "≪C뉴스041≫ 조은아의 한복이야기 (21)". C뉴스041. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  147. ^ "≪문화저널21≫ 기혼여성들에게 꼭 필요했던 장신구 비녀". 문화저널21. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  148. ^ 노리개. terms.naver.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  149. ^ a b Yi, Kyŏng-ja (2005). Norigae : splendor of the Korean Costume. Lee Jean Young. Seoul, Korea: Ewha Womans University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 89-7300-618-5. OCLC 71358055.
  150. ^ 당혜. terms.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  151. ^ a b c "≪C뉴스041≫ 조은아의 한복이야기 (11)". C뉴스041. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  152. ^ 아름다운 한복도 예절에 맞게 입어야 Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine 오마이뉴스 2002-09-20
  153. ^ (그여자네)한복, 강렬한 원색 곱구나 Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine 경향신문 2007-02-15
  154. ^ 추석 한복 멋내기 Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 서울신문 2007-06-28
  155. ^ 석주선, 《우리나라옷》, 광문출판사, 1966년, 10쪽
  156. ^ a b 조선초기 저고리의 복원적 고찰 Archived 25 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine 장인우, 숙명여자대학교 대학원 의류학과, 1985년, 72, 77, 78쪽

References

[edit]
[edit]